The
Declaration of Independence is perhaps the most masterfully written
state paper of Western civilization. As Moses Coit Tyler noted almost a
century ago, no assessment of it can be complete without taking into
account its extraordinary merits as a work of political prose style.
Although many scholars have recognized those merits, there are
surprisingly few sustained studies of the stylistic artistry of the
Declaration.(1) This essay seeks to illuminate that artistry by probing
the discourse microscopically--at the level of the sentence, phrase,
word, and syllable. By approaching the Declaration in this way, we can
shed light both on its literary qualities and on its rhetorical power as
a work designed to convince a "candid world" that the American
colonies were justified in seeking to establish themselves as an
independent nation.(2)
[…]
Like
the introduction, the next section of the Declaration--usually
referred to as the preamble--is universal in tone and scope. It
contains no explicit reference to the British- American conflict, but
outlines a general philosophy of government that makes revolution
justifiable, even meritorious:
We
hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,
that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of
Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted
among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.
That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these
ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to
institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and
organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely
to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate
that Governments long established should not be changed for light and
transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that
mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than
to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are
accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing
invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under
absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off
such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.
Like
the rest of the Declaration, the preamble is "brief, free of verbiage,
a model of clear, concise, simple statement."(11) It capsulizes in
five sentences--202--words what it took John Locke thousands of words
to explain in his Second Treatise of Government. Each word is
chosen and placed to achieve maximum impact. Each clause is
indispensable to the progression of thought. Each sentence is carefully
constructed internally and in relation to what precedes and follows.
In its ability to compress complex ideas into a brief, clear statement,
the preamble is a paradigm of eighteenth-century Enlightenment prose
style, in which purity, simplicity, directness, precision, and, above
all, perspicuity were the highest rhetorical and literary virtues. One
word follows another with complete inevitability of sound and meaning.
Not one word can be moved or replaced without disrupting the balance
and harmony of the entire preamble.
I don’t know just how many times I’ve read the Declaration of Independence, but it’s been more than a few. One cannot read the document without a sense of wonder at the magnificence of the words and the way they’re put together. That
said, I’ve never read an analysis of the style, thought, and
historical/political precedents that went into the composition of the
document. This “Stylistic Artistry” essay is one of those rare things one finds on the ‘net: A Keeper. Duly saved in my “Important Stuff” directory.